The Federalist Papers

How to take power, keep it, and lose it, in the short treatise that founded modern political thought. Our own Project Aldus edition, with clean typesetting and a biographical introduction to Machiavelli.

Niccolò Machiavelli

Hobbes makes the case for a strong sovereign, starting from his famous picture of life without government as nasty, brutish and short. The complete text in a clean modern layout.

Thomas Hobbes

Locke argues that government rests on the consent of the governed and exists to protect life, liberty and property. The Second Treatise shaped the Declaration of Independence and modern liberal democracy.

John Locke

Rousseau explains what makes government legitimate, introducing popular sovereignty and the general will. It opens with one of the most famous lines in political writing: man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Tocqueville studies American democracy in the 1830s: its institutions, its civic life and the danger he called the tyranny of the majority. One of the most quoted books in political science.

Alexis de Tocqueville