Introduction to Ecology

A college ecology textbook that moves from the basics of life science to populations, communities, ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Built from open resources like OpenStax, with key terms and a glossary for easy study.

Teresa FriedrichFinnern

A peer-reviewed university outline of ecology covering energy flow, food chains, population growth, competition and the major ecosystems on land and in water. Clear diagrams and real cases, like the comb jelly that invaded the Black Sea, make each concept concrete.

Hans Ulrik Riisgård

A complete university course on ecosystems, productivity, nutrient cycles and succession, followed by population dynamics, communities and the major biomes. Every unit includes objectives, self-assessment exercises and a summary.

National Open University of Nigeria

University course material that links ecology with society, from core ideas like niche and ecosystem to forests, dams, development and environmental movements. Useful for seeing how ecological concepts shape real environmental debates.

University of Mumbai