Molecular Biology

A complete open textbook that walks you from DNA structure and replication to transcription, translation, and gene regulation. Every chapter explains the experiments behind each discovery, so you learn how scientists figured it out.

Sapna Mehta

A graduate-level classic that teaches molecular genetics through the experiments that proved each idea. Covers DNA replication, transcription, gene regulation, and recombination with a focus on reasoning from first principles.

Robert Schleif

An open textbook that joins cell biology and molecular biology, from DNA and gene expression to membranes, signaling, and the cell cycle. Each chapter links key ideas to the research that uncovered them.

Gerald Bergtrom

Lecture notes built for medical laboratory students, starting with classical genetics and moving to DNA, gene expression, and molecular diagnostic techniques. Each chapter opens with learning objectives and closes with review questions.

Mohammed Awole Adem

A clear primer on genes, DNA, and the tools of genetic engineering, from cloning to transformation. It closes with how biotechnology is used in crops, livestock, and fisheries.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)