Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology: A Comparison of Historical and Methodological Considerations

A complete phenomenological study design explained step by step: finding participants, unstructured in-depth interviews, memoing and a simplified method for analyzing the data. Ideal for students planning their first phenomenological project.

Thomas Groenewald

A map of the big debates in phenomenological research: how strictly to define it, how much to interpret, what to do with the researcher's own assumptions, and whether it is science or art. Useful for choosing between descriptive and interpretive approaches.

Linda Finlay

A hands-on introduction to interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) co-written by its founder. It covers the method's roots, sampling, interviewing and step-by-step analysis of the data.

Igor Pietkiewicz and Jonathan A. Smith

A decision framework for choosing between descriptive and interpretive phenomenology, with a clear account of how to practice bracketing throughout a study. Good for researchers stuck on method choice.

Mohammed Al-Sheikh Hassan

A long introductory essay on what phenomenology offers human science research: its key concepts, its rejection of dogma and how its philosophy becomes a way of doing research.

Luigina Mortari and Massimiliano Tarozzi