Ethics
Baruch Spinoza
Spinoza's masterpiece, set out like a geometry book, argues that freedom and happiness come from understanding our emotions and our place in nature. Translated by R. H. M. Elwes.
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UtilitarianismMill's short, readable defense of the greatest happiness principle. He explains what utility means, answers the classic objections, and ties justice to the general good.
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Hume's own favorite among his works. He argues that morality rests on sentiment rather than reason, and traces our approval of virtues like benevolence and justice to their usefulness and agreeableness.
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The 1903 book that launched modern metaethics. Moore argues that goodness cannot be defined in natural terms, names the naturalistic fallacy, and defends the value of friendship and beauty.
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