Reconstructed Empiricism

William James argues that relations between things are experienced as directly as the things themselves. The book that launched radical empiricism and shaped pragmatism.

William James

A leading philosopher of science defends the everyday empiricism of working scientists against the skeptical constructive empiricism of van Fraassen. A complete, up-to-date book from 2026.

John D. Norton

Chang proposes a quality-based idea of observability and uses it to rebuild van Fraassen's constructive empiricism. A short, original contribution to the realism debate.

Hasok Chang

Can we know what is possible or necessary from experience alone? This paper defends modal empiricism against the challenge facing mind-independent accounts of modality.

Sonia Roca-Royes

Argues that deep neural networks learn abstract categories much as Locke and Hume said the mind does. A fascinating bridge between classic empiricism and artificial intelligence.

Cameron Buckner