Alienation and Marxism: An Alternative Starting Point for Critical IR Theory (Article)

The young Marx's notebooks on estranged labour, money and private property, where his theory of alienation was born.

Karl Marx

Traces how Marx's idea of alienation evolved from the 1844 Manuscripts to Capital, and how it was read in the twentieth century.

Marcello Musto

Reinterprets alienation through Marx's later works, treating it as an objective feature of capitalism rather than a passing feeling.

Emil Øversveen

An accessible paper on the forms of alienation in Marx and their effects on everyday life and wellbeing.

Muhammad Iqbal Shah