General Ecology: Ecosystems, Populations and Biomes

A college ecology textbook that moves from the basics of life science to populations, communities, ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Built from open resources like OpenStax, with key terms and a glossary for easy study.

Teresa FriedrichFinnern

A peer-reviewed university outline of ecology covering energy flow, food chains, population growth, competition and the major ecosystems on land and in water. Clear diagrams and real cases, like the comb jelly that invaded the Black Sea, make each concept concrete.

Hans Ulrik Riisgård

University course material that links ecology with society, from core ideas like niche and ecosystem to forests, dams, development and environmental movements. Useful for seeing how ecological concepts shape real environmental debates.

University of Mumbai

An illustrated reader for young learners that introduces habitats, food chains, ecosystems and the naturalists who studied them. Short chapters and full-color pictures make it a gentle first step into ecology.

Core Knowledge